Test Explanations

3. The textbook states on page 568, different varieties on this page were modernizing the government,  government to regulate, improve health, and improving general welfare of society. The correct answer is limiting the use of governmental authority because during this time limiting the government was very hard because they had complete and entire control of the entire society and its wellbeing.

4. The answer has to do with ruling out the answers that make sense and the answers that are not possible. You can't have economic equality because it is not possible for everyone to have the same amount of money and pay to everyone. And during that time it was important for education and hygiene and professions of specialization and specializing in them. In no society can all people can be economically equal, it is not possible so that is the right answer.

5. The textbook states on page 569, "Social Darwinists such as William Graham Sumner had argued that people's fortunes reflected their inherent "fitness" for survival. Progressive theorists disagreed. Ignorance, poverty, even criminality, they argues, were not the result of inherent genetic failing[...]" and the book goes on to talk about how standards of living had a fat into the role and the opportunities educationally that the people received. And the conditions of living areas and proper environments were all factors to the answer which shows the answer is all of the above, it could not be just one because all father factors had to two with the factors of fitness and health in general to survive.

6. The textbook states on page 581 "Working-class Americans, African Americans, westerners, and even party bosses also played crucial roles in advancing some of the important reforms of the era." I had thought that the answer was Westerners but the real answer was Party Bosses. Westerners is correct because they had been a reforming group with influencing major reforms. The except answer is Upper-class Americans though because the information from the text is contradicting and the real answer is this.

10.  The textbook states on page 567 "[...] reformers were the most dynamic and influential force in American politics and culture. They brought into public debate such issues as the role of women in society, the ways to deal with racial difference, the question of hoot govern cities, the fairest way to organize the economy, the role of political parties and political machines, the impact of immigration and cultural diversity, and the degree to which the state should impose more norms on communities and individuals." This stats that progressive movement did deal with the racial differences especially racially with women suffrage and just racial equality. There is no mention of basic structural organization of the federal government because those were not the leading causes for the progressive movements.

15.  The textbook states on page 580 "Between 1903 and 1908, twelve states passed laws restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. In those same years, twenty-two states banned campaign contributions by corporations, and twenty-four states forbade public officials to accept free passes from railroad."The answer is abolished primary elections so that party leaders could choose candidates, I had said trying to restrict corporations which it states is true because they didn't want power to be freely and wanted it restricted by certain measures. Abolishing leaders would cause the party bosses to loose control and more power, especially since the election was used to restrict the power of candidates.

17. The answer is the influence of political parties was removed from American politics by 1912 which isn't true because their is still an influence of American politics from the Democratic and Republican parties. It is true that many progressive-era innovations are still effective today because it is an except question this is wrong. The innovations today like social and economic reforms still affect the American society today. textual support

20. The textbook states on page 568 "Among the first people to articulate the new spirit of reform were crusading journalist who become to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political injustices." The answer is crusading journalists because the Muckrakers are progressive journalist that expose secrets. It can't be "the 1%" because book never discusses a one percent and we don't know what that one percent is.

21. The textbook states on page 577, "[...] others a part of the new middle class--- were taking a growing interest in government." The answer was that they didn't want the parties to control the government, which in the beginning they were viewing it as vulgar and did not want to get involved with politics or any form of government. But in the end they decided to because if they had not they would loose and power and control to the government and the whole country was trying to regulate the power the government held.

22. The textbook states on page 580, "[...] "laboratory of progressivism." Under his leadership the Wisconsin progressives won approval of direct primaries, initiatives, and referendums." The answer is Wisconsin because it was the state and location where this process was created and started in by Robert M. La Follette. I had said the answer was New Jersey.

23. The textbook states on page 568 , "The growing outrage at social and economic injustice helped produce many reformers committed to the pursuit of social injustice." That was the answer because it explains the Social Gospel by the movements of churches that defined this injustice. i had said the answer was it had made no difference in the way the government regulate laws and people because it did especially with inequality of both social and economically, which is false.

WWII Notes

Edith Wharton Becomes First Women to Win Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Mrs. Wharton’s Femininity Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, July 26, 1914

• Description of gender roles and how gender affects the way the author talks about the character in the novel and how the character is influenced by the author 
• Mrs. Wharton’s feminine influence
• Article depicts and takes apart all reasoning why Mrs. Wharton displayed characters that way and the settings blaming it in “femininity”

Xingu, And Other Stories by Edith Wharton Lexington Herald - Kentucky, Lexington, November 19, 1916

• Criticizing her stories in some way

Edith Wharton’s New Novel Springfield Republican - Massachusetts, Springfield, April 29, 1900

• “It would have been hard to find a better model for the refined, analytic and subtle form of fiction to which Mrs. Wharton has devoted herself, and she has happily turned aside from the vagaries and obscurities of her exemplar, so that if her writing is never so brilliant as that of Mr. James at his best, it is also never so bad as his can be at its worst. This is a minor tale, slight in theme and depending for success upon its delicate portraiture and its psychology, but it suffices to show that a new American novelist has come, who may be trusted to continue the fine and fastidious traditions of a school of American fiction which had seemed to lack disciples in the younger generation.”
• Shows more of her accomplishments of her story and not criticizing it like the past articles have done probably because of gender roles

American Author is Discounted Gertrude Atherton Attacks Edith Wharton’s Claim to Fame Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, May 06, 1906

• Gertrude Atherton against Wharton 
• Gertrude slanders Wharton because “hail her because she is a “society” novelist”
• She sees her as a fake person 

Should She Own Her Child? Edith Wharton in Red Book Magazine Philadelphia Inquirer - Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, January 22, 1922

• The Age of Innocence won Joseph Pulitzer Prize 
• I highly esteemed rating in this special magazine that makes it more significant and praises Wharton’s progress

Best Sellers Yield Big Fortunes for Their Clever Authors Edith Wharton Zane Grey, Harold Bell

Baltimore American - Maryland, Baltimore, February 20, 1921

• Novels “has reached the top”
• Made a lot of money for Age of Innocence and House of Mirth
• Talk about her being a women and the right to serve the amount an omen and fame that she is being recognized for

Wharton Novel Stirs Europe Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, February 27, 1921

• The Age of Innocence 
• “England has awakened to the fact that these are active days among the American novelist and is welcoming “The Age of Innocence” as the fine flower of our literary effort. James Douglas in the Sunday Express, for example, opens his review by the statement, “Edith Wharton is, of course, the greatest American novelist now living.” All these English reviewers dwell on Mrs. Wharton’s expert literary craftsmanship, on her subtle irony, on the splendid story she has to tell.”

The War and the Authors Montgomery Advertiser - Alabama, Montgomery, June 19, 1921

• “the great war produced no great literature”
• “two greatest American novels since the war, greatest in point of popularity at least, are Main Street, by Sinclair Lewis, and The Age of Innocence, by Edith Wharton, both disassociated form the war, and both novels of manners and customs.”
• There was no presence of important influential literature during wartime