Reflection on the Year

Overall this year has been really successful and it has lead me to want to take a History class next year. 13 Days was a really inspirational movie about the Cuban Missile Crisis between the United States, Soviet Union, and Cuba. I learned a lot about climate change and how it influence politics between the two parties: Democratic and Republican. Learning about US History this year has been more in depth than by eighth grade year of learning, which I am truly satisfied about. We learned about many different things this quarter. Last semester learning about empathy and sympathy, which lead as a overlapping theme throughout the whole year. I feel I have been more engaged and ready for this class of History over all of my years taking a History class. This year I have had my struggles this class, but I have found a way to go over the obstacle and make it through learning more about our nation's history. Thank you Mrs. Lawson!!

Climate Change Letter

Dear Future Student of 2216,

Today in our society in 2016, climate change is both favored and disliked in the United States. Climate change during our time period can be considered a heated political debate. Politically, it is divided strictly by a partisan line between Democrats and Republicans.

I’m sure you are wondering why the words “climate change” got our political parties so fired up, so I will start out by explaining a little bit of backstory behind the Republican party, what they believe, and what is happening currently. A majority of Republicans views on climate change is that it is not that big of an issue, or it is not even true. John Coleman, the co-founder of the Weather Channel (11) stated, “I have studied climate change seriously for years. It has become a political and environment agenda item, but the science behind it is not valid.” Coleman based his statements on the NIPCC, which is a non-governmental international body of scientists. Republicans believe the statistics from this group that does not involve the government because Republicans main beliefs is in a smaller government. Ronald Reagan (12), a past Republican President, stated “Government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.” This statement sums up the Republican party in a nutshell, and helps to better understand their reasoning behind their climate change beliefs. Today, our current Republican candidate is Donald Trump. Donald Trump has spoken outwardly about his disbelief in climate change. One of his Tweets (13) (I’m not sure Twitter is even around in 2216, but it was a social media site where users could post short statements about what they believed, thought was cool, or just wanted to share) from 2012 states, “The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.” While this Tweet was a little far fetched, there might be some truth to it. I’m not saying that it was made up entirely by the Chinese, but I do believe that Democrats attempts to cut Americans use of fossil fuels (14) and carbon-dioxide emissions will stunt our economic growth, and somewhat controls the lives Americans. Getting back to a more recent Tweet from Donald (13) in 2015, he said “I mean, Obama thinks it’s the number one problem of the world today. And I think it’s very low on the list. So I am not a believer, and I will, unless somebody can prove something to me, I believe there’s weather. I believe there’s change, and I believe it goes up and it goes down, and it goes up again. And it changes depending on years and centuries, but I am not a believer, and we have much bigger problems.” Speaking of our current President, Obama does think it’s a big issue, and signed the Paris Climate Treaty (14) just a few days ago in April 2016. Obama is planning to use this treaty to limit our fossil fuel and carbon-dioxide emissions, which relates back to the point I made about Donald’s first Tweet. I believe the debate between Republicans and Democrats about climate change is so heated is because Presidents Obama’s current actions about climate change are unconstitutional (14). His signing of the Paris Climate Treaty was unconstitutional because he signed it without the consent of the Senate, but no one seems to do anything about it. Of course this enrages the Republicans, and they are already upset because the treaty goes against what they believe in. Basically, it is such a heated debate because both sides think they are right and are unwilling to compromise. Also, the debate is made to seem more intense than it probably is in real life by TV and social media.

      While most Republicans don’t believe climate change is a big issue, they still believe in trying to efficient. They tend to lean towards Theodore Roosevelt’s ideas (15) of creating national parks to preserve our land, instead of limiting our fossil fuel and carbon-dioxide emissions like the Democrats want. The Democrats (16) want to raise taxes on gas and electricity to make people less likely to use it, thus causing less pollution. The Republicans (16) are all for less pollution, but they do not want the American people to have to pay for it, or be limited by what they can use. The Republicans (16) believe in tax breaks for companies that produce more electricity from wind, water, and solar power. Also, the same applies for companies that come up with new methods (16) to burn coal with less pollution emissions. This then would not stunt our economic growth, and encourage companies to be more Earth friendly, or efficient, with the reward of a tax break.

Between Democrats and Republicans, climate change is a touchy subject talked about right now in 2016. Nowadays on TV, I am viewing presidential debates and conflicting viewpoints on each side. I hear more about terrorism and the stability of our economy on TV more than any other policy. But at least Pew Research Center(2) acknowledges I know that one group that actually cares about our climate and protection of our environment to keep our world healthier. Climate change today is shaped along the lines of partisans. Between the two, their party is determined by the gender and age groups. Republicans question whether or not global warming and climate change is real, and Democrats question what can we the people do about the changing climate. Today Democrats are more concerned with this growing problem rather than Republicans, because of these diverging questions. Democratic candidate of 2016 Hillary Clinton says from Hillary Clinton Campaign Website(7), “I won’t let anyone take us backward, deny our economy the benefits of harnessing a clean energy future, or force our children to endure the catastrophe that would result from unchecked climate change.” Democrats look more to the future and help these growing problems now disintegrate so the future won’t have to endure it. Today Democratic ideology Pew Research Center(3) shows in polls that 55% of Democrats want to help climate change, when only 14% of Republicans prioritize climate change. Hillary Clinton is funded, research from Open Secrets(6), by numerous organizations and companies. Some of the biggest donations are from some of the most prestigious universities like Harvard University and University of California. Together they fund her campaign 1 billion dollars, for the purpose of gaining university funds from this candidate for research in their school. Some of the university’s research would be related to climate change and protection of the environment. Universities like Harvard and California tend to be more liberal and in the end siding with Democratic candidates like Hillary Clinton and Obama from the 2012 election shown on Open Secrets(5). Nasa(1) recognizes that the main reason for global warming and climate change is the growth of humans of the greenhouse effect. That being said we caused it so we should be the ones fixing it and protecting our environment, like the Democrats are doing. Democrats are doing the right thing to our community, actually acknowledging the fact that climate change is happening and we the people need to be the ones helping our world.

Democrats see and acknowledge there is a problem and want to help it. On the other hand, Republicans don't believe in this so called "conspiracy theory" of climate change. Other countries have same issues discussed in Pew Research Center(2) with political parties having different views on pending policies in their nation. Canada, Germany, Australia, and the United Kingdom have same points on the matter of climate change. These countries find climate change very important and will affect their country if not protected. The graphs from Pew Research Center(2) can be seen the percentages and importance of climate change. The United States growing tension in debates on climate change is similar to other major countries. Pew Research Center(10) describes how Earth Day was created 46 years ago. In importance to helping keep our earth clean by creating recycling programs to tell importance to others about climate change. As of this point in time to actually solve the crisis with climate change, people have to acknowledge it is a real and pending thing in our lives. My research from Forbes(4) shows that Republicans are keeping their followers away from seeing the truth behind the climate even though two-thirds of liberal to moderate Republicans believe global warming is real. What about the other one-third?

Funding for each candidate, between the two partisans, is heated. as well. Candidates use this fire as a political advantage towards other opponents. Politifact(9) describes between Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton, the rivalry Democratic candidates, a lot of comments about climate have been made towards Hillary Clinton. Sander’s says that Hillary’s campaign counts on money from coal and gas companies, which undermines Clinton’s energy and environmental policies. During this current 2016 election, from Open Secrets(8), trends show that 9% of oil and gas companies fund money to Democratic candidates, while the other 90% goes to Republicans. This supports the claims of Republicans not believing and caring as much for environment and climate change. They receive more money from these companies because of their reliance on fossil fuels rather than clean and renewable energy. In total from each election Open Secrets(8), from 1990 to 2016 Democrats have received $82,643,039, while Republicans received $330,487,781. This is nearly a 4:1 ratio of donation received by Republicans to Democrats.

In conclusion, by both parties having their say in the matter of climate change, makes it harder to solve the problem. I hope in the future when you are living in, that climate change won’t be an issue anymore and will be solved right now, 2016.

Sincerely,

Mary Leigh Oliver & Janvi Patel

Partisan Differences

Public Policy's Global Partisan Priorities Republican and Democratic Money from Coal and Gas Companies

Republican and Democratic Polls on Global Warming being caused by Humans

Footnotes:

1. "A Blanket Around the Earth" Nasa: "National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA is a United States government agency that is responsible for science and technology related to air and space. Evidence of climate change found on the climate website of NASA." I used this website for background information about the reasoning behind climate change.

2. "Global Concern about Climate Change, Broad Support for Limiting Emissions", Pew Research Center: "Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. We conduct public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. We do not take policy positions." This website was used for the graphs but also for information about trends about the United States and other countries of partisan.

3. "Budget Deficit Losing Slips as Public Priority", Pew Research Center: "Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. We conduct public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. We do not take policy positions." This website was used for the graphs but also for information on priority for Americans.

4. "The End of the Partisan Divide Over Climate Change", Forbes: "a leading Internet media company, is among the most trusted resources for the world's business and investment leaders, providing them the uncompromising commentary, concise analysis, relevant tools and real-time reporting they need to succeed at work, profit from investing and have fun with the rewards of winning." This discusses the differences about Democrats and Republicans and the future of climate change.

5. "2012 Presidential Race", Open Secrets: "is your nonpartisan guide to money's influence on U.S. elections and public policy. Whether you're a voter, journalist, activist, student or interested citizen, use our free site to shine light on your government."This talks about which companies funded Obama and similarities to Hillary Clinton.

6. "Hillary Clinton", Open Secrets: "is your nonpartisan guide to money's influence on U.S. elections and public policy. Whether you're a voter, journalist, activist, student or interested citizen, use our free site to shine light on your government."This discusses the funding of Hillary Clinton campaign.

7. "Making America the World's Clean Energy Superpower and Meeting the Climate Challenge", Hillary Clinton Campaign Website: "Official campaign site of Hillary for America. Hillary Clinton wants to be a champion for everyday Americans - so she's a candidate for president in 2016." Hillary Clinton's campaign and what she has for when she becomes president.

8. "Oil & Gas", Open Secrets: "is your nonpartisan guide to money's influence on U.S. elections and public policy. Whether you're a voter, journalist, activist, student or interested citizen, use our free site to shine light on your government." Which oil and gas companies fund Democrats and Republicans.

9. "Sorting out Hillary Clinton's Fossil Fuel Contributions", Politifact: "PolitiFact is a project of the Tampa Bay Times and its partners to help you find the truth in politics. Every day, reporters and researchers from PolitiFact and its partner news organization examine statements by members of Congress, state legislators, governors, mayors, the president, cabinet secretaries, lobbyists, people who testify before Congress and anyone else who speaks up in American politics. We research their statements and then rate the accuracy on our Truth-O-Meter – True, Mostly True, Half True, Mostly False and False. The most ridiculous falsehoods get our lowest rating, Pants on Fire." This discusses the conflict between Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders about fossil fuels.

10. "For Earth Day, here's how Americans view Environmental Issues", Pew Research Center: "Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. We conduct public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. We do not take policy positions." This discusses the Earth Day information and what happens.

(11) "Global Warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of The Weather Channel" June 9, 2015: Express - "A daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom." I used this source to show some supporting evidence to several Republicans views about climate change.

(12) "Reagan's First Inaugural: "Government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem." January 20, 1981: The Heritage Foundation - "Founded in 1973, The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institution—a think tank—whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense." I used this source to show why the Republicans believe what they do about climate change and to give some background on why they think it should be fixed in this certain way.

(13) "Climate change and the Republican party: 'America is not a planet'" November 23, 2015: The Guardian - "Covering American and international news for an online, global audience." I used this source to get more background information on Republicans ideas about climate change.

(14) "Climate Hustle" April 27, 2016 :CFACT - "Today, CFACT is a respected Washington D.C.-based organization whose voice can be heard relentlessly infusing the public-interest debate with a balanced perspective on environmental stewardship and other important issues.  With an influential and impressive scientific advisory board, effective collegiate program on U.S. college campuses, CFACT Europe, official United Nations’ NGO representation, Adopt-A-Village project, Global Social Responsibility program, and “Just the Facts” daily national radio commentary, CFACT continues to offer genuine solutions to today’s most important global challenges." I used this source to get an understanding about what was occurring most recently in the United States involving climate change.

(15) "A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views on Climate Change" October 2008: Environment Magazine - "Now in its 54th year of publication, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development analyzes the problems, places, and people where environment and development come together, illuminating concerns from the local to the global. More readable than specialized journals and more timely than textbooks, Environment offers peer-reviewed articles and commentaries from researchers and practitioners who provide a broad range of international perspectives. This ISI-rated magazine also features in-depth reviews of major policy reports, conferences, and environmental education initiatives, as well as guides to the best Web sites, journal articles, and books." I used this source to discover the dramatic differences in the party views about this subject and why they are so different.

(16) "Republican Views on Global Warming" June 14, 2015: Republican Views - "Our mission is to report on Republican politicians’ and the Republican Party’s views and beliefs on the issues in a fair and unbiased way. All of our articles are original, well-researched, and unbiased. We are a reputable source on Republican views and beliefs." I used this source to learn more about the Republicans ideology behind their beliefs.

Links for Climate

http://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/22/for-earth-day-heres-how-americans-view-environmental-issues/ info 

http://www.people-press.org/2016/01/22/budget-deficit-slips-as-public-priority/ Graphs and Info

http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomzeller/2015/01/18/the-end-of-the-partisan-divide-over-climate-change/#306547a73ddb

https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/poll-partisans-split-on-seriousness-of-climate-change/2015/11/29/2bf552d0-93c3-11e5-8aa0-5d0946560a97_story.html

https://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/

https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cid=N00000019&cycle=Career

https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/climate/

https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/totals.php?ind=E01++

 http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/apr/01/sorting-out-clintons-fossil-fuel-contributions/

Climate Control- Political

When first starting to research the political aspects of climate cage and the affects of it I started asking the basic questions behind the words climate change. I was confused in the beginning how we could connect this problem to the future and how it we could alter or change the future. I learned from NASA that in many ways it can be concluded that the main reason for global warming is the growth of humans of the greenhouse effect. After I realized I needed to go more in depth in my questions and narrow it closer to a political aspect. Mrs. Lawson informed to ask question like: "Why is climate change so politicized?". This helped it conclude all questions discussing politics as well as finding general and background information on climate change politically. While researching and going through graphs of the Partisan differences on climate change and their priorities for political policy's. 

         Thoughts of climate change are shaped along the lines of Partisans. Although this was very interesting, climate change is more of a problem to Democrats than Republicans. Not only does the United States have same viewpoints on Partisanship but so does Canada, Germany, Australia, and the UK. Something I was very surprised by was that most Americans have ranked policy’s of climate and environmental problems as a high priority. As well as stressing on the pressing matters like economy and terrorism. 

Priorities

          My plan for the future is to go more into depth on the Democrat vs. Republican issues and their priorities, as well as climate control globally. The United States decisions and creation have affected other countries. April 22, 1970 the United States had their first Earth Day, years later Earth Day is celebrated in many different countries discussing the importance on recycling and how the climate is changing. I hope to go closer into climate control debates, politically between candidates from both parties as of right now from the election. 

Climate Unit

The section of questions I am most interested in is Politics and Concerns. I am most interested in these sections because politics encompasses the ideas of why it happens and who is to be of blame for it. Concerns talks about what climate has an effect on and what it has changed in the earth. Both sections ask questions that I am very interested in learning about because of its focus on the future and our environment in 100 years.

5 Blog Posts on Climate

Andrew Johnson- How does climate affect how our society functions as a whole?

Liddy Malone- How significant of an international effort is needed to revert the trend of climate change?

Mary Leigh Oliver- Why do people automatically assume that we people are the cause of climate change?

Victoria Spera- How is a climate determined?

Avani Reddy- How does the climate of one region affect another region? What are some of the specific climate patterns?

Climate

Word: Climate

1. Hot

2. Cold

3. Temperature

4. Tropical

5. Weather

Climate can be considered as a temperature or change in weather. So I chose words that connected with weather like hot and cold and temperature. Or a type of season like tropical weather.

Why is our climate changing so rapidly?

Reading about the 1930's

1. Read about the Great Depression (Links to an external site.).  According to this article, what was wrong with President Hoover's response?  Why did people blame themselves when things went wrong, and how valid or invalid was this response?

2. Read about Black Sunday (Links to an external site.). How would you have felt if you'd been there on that day? What kinds of fears, concerns, or questions would be going through your mind during, and after, the event described?

3. Read about The Drought (Links to an external site.).  What areas were affected by it?  What caused it.  The author ends this article with a pithy quote.  Do you agree or disagree with this historian's perspective? Why or why not?

4. Read about Mass Exodus from the Plains (Links to an external site.).  Were does the migration of people out of the Dust Bowl rank in terms of other migrations in US History?  What made life hard for people once they arrived in California?

Answers

1. Hoover thought of the crisis as "a passing incident in our national lives" and told people it would be over in 2 months time. Hoover did not want money to be given to people in poverty and instead of for business men to lay off workers. Hoover was known as a "empty pocket turned inside out". People blamed themselves for the unemployment from the Depression, men justified since "they were  expected to provide for their families, it was humiliating to have to ask for assistance", this was invalid.

2. I would have felt confused and blown away, by this massive storm coming in appearance unknowingly. I wouldn't know what to do for a moment I would stare at it coming for a minute and then suddenly realize what was happening and go inside or under. I would be wondering if everyone had noticed in my town or wondering if there were anymore people out and about. I would be scared for another dust storm to happen again, or anything as bad as it. I would live in constant fear over this.

3. Areas affected by the drought and storm was the eastern part of the country, and then moving onto the west a year later. Affected Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. It was caused by combining of a drought and "misuse of the land that led to the incredible devastation". "When the drought hit, the land just blew away in the wind", The historian's perspective is partly true and partly not. It talks a lot about the balance being out but this only occurred in this area of the United States and not all over. Although other places had natural disasters due to nature. He misuses the words of saying "America as a whole is out of balance".

4. The migration of people out of the Dust Bowl rank in terms of other migrations in US History was the largest migration in American history 2.5 million people had moved. Life was hard for people once they arrived in California because "many California farms were corporate- owned. They were larger and more modernized that those of the southern plains, and crops were unfamiliar". Also Californians were not very nice and did not welcome others from other states. 

History Speech Reviews

1. Overall how did they go?
I thought the speech went well, i could have shown more emotion and been more active in it.

2. Was there anyone who stood out in particular- and why?
Ward articulated his voice out perfectly and showed very good speech and emotion. Liddy had an amazing start to her speech and made its more relatable and wanting us to listen. Madi captured my eye with her provoking words.

3. What's something I learned for next time?
I learned I need to articulate my words better and show more emotion.

Radio

During the 1930's the radio earned more than $2,000 a year. There was money being spent on the advertising all over on magazines, newspapers, even the radio. Broadcasting was done in the US and Europe. Technology was booming during that time. Songs and items were reviewed on the radio which would be considered more of advertising. Commercials were not allowed, but there were commercial stations on the radio for advertisements to be shown. Throughout my research I had seen a lot Coca Cola examples of ads. Products like Cracker Jacks and Cigarettes by the jingle.

History Speech

The New Era of the 1920’s had many more opportunities and chances of freedom influencing many different groups. Some freedom given was effective but other groups took advantage of this newly found freedom. The imagery of different women, youth culture, the Harlem Renaissance, and new version of the Ku Klux Klan had unique effects on the New Era.

Opportunities for women in the 1920’s had been evolving in their favor, now women were offered more occupations. It allowed them to have higher ranking jobs, while still being kept in a feminine job territory. But really during this time, middle-class women worked within the home, like the term a “housewife”. This ideal of a working women differs from the image of The Flapper. Because of the changing times and views of woman, they had more freedom allowing the vision of a modern women.  Education was booming and now gave more opportunities the younger generation for more careers and more chances even for both genders, men and women.

The Harlem Renaissance was a clear example of freedom in different groups. Harlem was a thriving, African American neighborhood located in New York City that allowed people to show their society art and music of the 1920’s. It allowed African American artist to do what they loved with criticism from other races. In some ways it was a symbolism to white people, to show the dominance of the African American race and uniqueness in modern day society. Many acclaimed jazz musicians from Harlem were made known to others from the Cotton Club. This area allowed African Americans to show their culture to not only surrounding areas, but to people all over New York City. It sparked freedom in their eyes, to show the things they love to do without be restricted from what they can and cannot say or do. 

The Ku Klux Klan showed a different type of freedom to this New Era, it allowed members to say and do what they wanted freely. The Klan was first revived in Stone Mountain, Georgia in 1915 and after that rapidly grew after centering its focus on all races: Blacks, Catholic, Jewish, and foreigners. They were force fighting freedom and used their freedom towards making other group of American society, specifically other races, struggle. 

All of these different groups proved one central theme of freedom. They gave others opportunities and choices to help others or to disturb others. Either way freedom and freedom of voice was given to everyone no matter color, race, or way of living.

Review on Hunter McEwen's Mini Book

Hunter's mini book is called, Joining the Klan, which is also another story about the Klu Klux Klan effect in American society in the 1920's. Story about a immigrant named Bill hearing about people joining the Klu Klux Klan to get rid of another races and ethnicities in Georgia. The story really is a funny story, by the use of the slang terms, but also tells what the Klu Klux Klan really had done to America. There is many uses of slang words in this book and it is historically correct.

Review of Karen Carter's Mini Book

Karen's mini book, The Life of A Normal Guy in the 1920's, describes the influence of the Klu Klux Klan, about who and how the Klan affects. She has a lot of slang words from the 1920s and how it was changed by the Klan. She talks about David Stephenson and his importance and effect on Klans. Her story really captures what the Klu Klux Klan really did to American society in the 1920's and when and where the decline started.

My Minibook

My book describes a man sitting at the bar discussing the time in the 1920s talking about art and literature during that time. My book has 15 slang words and is very well detailed even though it is short as Mrs. Lawson says it is "short". 

Test Explanations

3. The textbook states on page 568, different varieties on this page were modernizing the government,  government to regulate, improve health, and improving general welfare of society. The correct answer is limiting the use of governmental authority because during this time limiting the government was very hard because they had complete and entire control of the entire society and its wellbeing.

4. The answer has to do with ruling out the answers that make sense and the answers that are not possible. You can't have economic equality because it is not possible for everyone to have the same amount of money and pay to everyone. And during that time it was important for education and hygiene and professions of specialization and specializing in them. In no society can all people can be economically equal, it is not possible so that is the right answer.

5. The textbook states on page 569, "Social Darwinists such as William Graham Sumner had argued that people's fortunes reflected their inherent "fitness" for survival. Progressive theorists disagreed. Ignorance, poverty, even criminality, they argues, were not the result of inherent genetic failing[...]" and the book goes on to talk about how standards of living had a fat into the role and the opportunities educationally that the people received. And the conditions of living areas and proper environments were all factors to the answer which shows the answer is all of the above, it could not be just one because all father factors had to two with the factors of fitness and health in general to survive.

6. The textbook states on page 581 "Working-class Americans, African Americans, westerners, and even party bosses also played crucial roles in advancing some of the important reforms of the era." I had thought that the answer was Westerners but the real answer was Party Bosses. Westerners is correct because they had been a reforming group with influencing major reforms. The except answer is Upper-class Americans though because the information from the text is contradicting and the real answer is this.

10.  The textbook states on page 567 "[...] reformers were the most dynamic and influential force in American politics and culture. They brought into public debate such issues as the role of women in society, the ways to deal with racial difference, the question of hoot govern cities, the fairest way to organize the economy, the role of political parties and political machines, the impact of immigration and cultural diversity, and the degree to which the state should impose more norms on communities and individuals." This stats that progressive movement did deal with the racial differences especially racially with women suffrage and just racial equality. There is no mention of basic structural organization of the federal government because those were not the leading causes for the progressive movements.

15.  The textbook states on page 580 "Between 1903 and 1908, twelve states passed laws restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. In those same years, twenty-two states banned campaign contributions by corporations, and twenty-four states forbade public officials to accept free passes from railroad."The answer is abolished primary elections so that party leaders could choose candidates, I had said trying to restrict corporations which it states is true because they didn't want power to be freely and wanted it restricted by certain measures. Abolishing leaders would cause the party bosses to loose control and more power, especially since the election was used to restrict the power of candidates.

17. The answer is the influence of political parties was removed from American politics by 1912 which isn't true because their is still an influence of American politics from the Democratic and Republican parties. It is true that many progressive-era innovations are still effective today because it is an except question this is wrong. The innovations today like social and economic reforms still affect the American society today. textual support

20. The textbook states on page 568 "Among the first people to articulate the new spirit of reform were crusading journalist who become to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political injustices." The answer is crusading journalists because the Muckrakers are progressive journalist that expose secrets. It can't be "the 1%" because book never discusses a one percent and we don't know what that one percent is.

21. The textbook states on page 577, "[...] others a part of the new middle class--- were taking a growing interest in government." The answer was that they didn't want the parties to control the government, which in the beginning they were viewing it as vulgar and did not want to get involved with politics or any form of government. But in the end they decided to because if they had not they would loose and power and control to the government and the whole country was trying to regulate the power the government held.

22. The textbook states on page 580, "[...] "laboratory of progressivism." Under his leadership the Wisconsin progressives won approval of direct primaries, initiatives, and referendums." The answer is Wisconsin because it was the state and location where this process was created and started in by Robert M. La Follette. I had said the answer was New Jersey.

23. The textbook states on page 568 , "The growing outrage at social and economic injustice helped produce many reformers committed to the pursuit of social injustice." That was the answer because it explains the Social Gospel by the movements of churches that defined this injustice. i had said the answer was it had made no difference in the way the government regulate laws and people because it did especially with inequality of both social and economically, which is false.

WWII Notes

Edith Wharton Becomes First Women to Win Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Mrs. Wharton’s Femininity Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, July 26, 1914

• Description of gender roles and how gender affects the way the author talks about the character in the novel and how the character is influenced by the author 
• Mrs. Wharton’s feminine influence
• Article depicts and takes apart all reasoning why Mrs. Wharton displayed characters that way and the settings blaming it in “femininity”

Xingu, And Other Stories by Edith Wharton Lexington Herald - Kentucky, Lexington, November 19, 1916

• Criticizing her stories in some way

Edith Wharton’s New Novel Springfield Republican - Massachusetts, Springfield, April 29, 1900

• “It would have been hard to find a better model for the refined, analytic and subtle form of fiction to which Mrs. Wharton has devoted herself, and she has happily turned aside from the vagaries and obscurities of her exemplar, so that if her writing is never so brilliant as that of Mr. James at his best, it is also never so bad as his can be at its worst. This is a minor tale, slight in theme and depending for success upon its delicate portraiture and its psychology, but it suffices to show that a new American novelist has come, who may be trusted to continue the fine and fastidious traditions of a school of American fiction which had seemed to lack disciples in the younger generation.”
• Shows more of her accomplishments of her story and not criticizing it like the past articles have done probably because of gender roles

American Author is Discounted Gertrude Atherton Attacks Edith Wharton’s Claim to Fame Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, May 06, 1906

• Gertrude Atherton against Wharton 
• Gertrude slanders Wharton because “hail her because she is a “society” novelist”
• She sees her as a fake person 

Should She Own Her Child? Edith Wharton in Red Book Magazine Philadelphia Inquirer - Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, January 22, 1922

• The Age of Innocence won Joseph Pulitzer Prize 
• I highly esteemed rating in this special magazine that makes it more significant and praises Wharton’s progress

Best Sellers Yield Big Fortunes for Their Clever Authors Edith Wharton Zane Grey, Harold Bell

Baltimore American - Maryland, Baltimore, February 20, 1921

• Novels “has reached the top”
• Made a lot of money for Age of Innocence and House of Mirth
• Talk about her being a women and the right to serve the amount an omen and fame that she is being recognized for

Wharton Novel Stirs Europe Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, February 27, 1921

• The Age of Innocence 
• “England has awakened to the fact that these are active days among the American novelist and is welcoming “The Age of Innocence” as the fine flower of our literary effort. James Douglas in the Sunday Express, for example, opens his review by the statement, “Edith Wharton is, of course, the greatest American novelist now living.” All these English reviewers dwell on Mrs. Wharton’s expert literary craftsmanship, on her subtle irony, on the splendid story she has to tell.”

The War and the Authors Montgomery Advertiser - Alabama, Montgomery, June 19, 1921

• “the great war produced no great literature”
• “two greatest American novels since the war, greatest in point of popularity at least, are Main Street, by Sinclair Lewis, and The Age of Innocence, by Edith Wharton, both disassociated form the war, and both novels of manners and customs.”
• There was no presence of important influential literature during wartime 

WWI Poster Analysis

1. Propaganda is advertisement or representing and trying to sell or show something important.

2. Propaganda can be defined as ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

3. My set is set 6.

4. From Propaganda 1 I notice the headlines "Remember Your First Thrill of American Liberty" and "YOUR DUTY- Buy United States Government Bonds 2nd Liberty Loan of 1917" shows how much this propaganda's role as an advertisement is to sell the bonds and persuade the readers by the photo and showing New York City and the Statue of Liberty. I t tries to show that the duty of Americans and persuade them that it is a good thing to buy bonds and that it will help the well being of the US especially when talking towards New York City the main and first city you would think of when you think of the United States. 

From Propaganda 2 it shows"For You- They Are Giving Their Lives Over There" and "For Them- You Must Give Every Cent You Can Spare" which is again trying to make people donate to the cause and give their money open handedly to people helping protect them during WWI. In Propaganda 2 the first thing that catches my eye is the red cross, it can be interpreted as the aid provided by the US. I also feel that it is interesting that the person in the photo is dressed in an American flag. Her left hand is pointing to something in the distance and her right hand shows the motion that wants the viewer to follow. In my opinion this shows that they are welcoming the help of the United States.

 From Propaganda 3 it illustrates in writing "Must Children Die and Mothers Plead In Vain" and "Buy More Liberty Bonds" which again it is trying to sell the bonds and sell the American ideal within this propaganda.  She is holding her children tightly, like she is protecting them from being sent away to war, like they are against getting them sent to war showing the United States understands but still wants volunteers so the war can be successful for America.  Having and showing a sense of fear.

5. All of the artist I saw a common goal of trying to persuade Americans to do something for the good f the country especially by giving their money to the cause of the war. The artist are trying to make the viewers have sense of feeling sorry for the people away at war keeping them safe making them want to enlist or donate to the cause to save their country form the dreadful war. 
For the 1st Propaganda I see the artist trying to sell the bonds and showing the major influence New York City and its imperial city has to make an effect.

2nd Propaganda showed a little bit of open hands and showing that people should give and the author is trying to make the viewers to have more feelings or stronger for America to give and talking about what the soldiers are doing for them.

3rd Propaganda shows a women in need which the artist is trying to portray pity and need for more money in the economy.

6. The artists' assumptions about the audience was targeted toward the wealthier group of the United States because of its constant need to ask for money on every Propaganda. Not only the wealthier side but the middle class could also donate much of the money that could benefit the war and they would be more willing to give it than the upper class. The artist is trying to have moe pity and self-worth for the people.

7. The idea of the federal government spending tax dollars to create a propaganda campaign to convince you of something is a waste of money that we use to make more beneficial changes that are effectual to the well being of the people of the society are better.

8. Federal government debt it was necessary because they actually needed and were desperate for the money because they needed it for supplies for all soldiers of the war.

Propaganda 1

Propaganda 2

Propaganda 3