Test Explanations

3. The textbook states on page 568, different varieties on this page were modernizing the government,  government to regulate, improve health, and improving general welfare of society. The correct answer is limiting the use of governmental authority because during this time limiting the government was very hard because they had complete and entire control of the entire society and its wellbeing.

4. The answer has to do with ruling out the answers that make sense and the answers that are not possible. You can't have economic equality because it is not possible for everyone to have the same amount of money and pay to everyone. And during that time it was important for education and hygiene and professions of specialization and specializing in them. In no society can all people can be economically equal, it is not possible so that is the right answer.

5. The textbook states on page 569, "Social Darwinists such as William Graham Sumner had argued that people's fortunes reflected their inherent "fitness" for survival. Progressive theorists disagreed. Ignorance, poverty, even criminality, they argues, were not the result of inherent genetic failing[...]" and the book goes on to talk about how standards of living had a fat into the role and the opportunities educationally that the people received. And the conditions of living areas and proper environments were all factors to the answer which shows the answer is all of the above, it could not be just one because all father factors had to two with the factors of fitness and health in general to survive.

6. The textbook states on page 581 "Working-class Americans, African Americans, westerners, and even party bosses also played crucial roles in advancing some of the important reforms of the era." I had thought that the answer was Westerners but the real answer was Party Bosses. Westerners is correct because they had been a reforming group with influencing major reforms. The except answer is Upper-class Americans though because the information from the text is contradicting and the real answer is this.

10.  The textbook states on page 567 "[...] reformers were the most dynamic and influential force in American politics and culture. They brought into public debate such issues as the role of women in society, the ways to deal with racial difference, the question of hoot govern cities, the fairest way to organize the economy, the role of political parties and political machines, the impact of immigration and cultural diversity, and the degree to which the state should impose more norms on communities and individuals." This stats that progressive movement did deal with the racial differences especially racially with women suffrage and just racial equality. There is no mention of basic structural organization of the federal government because those were not the leading causes for the progressive movements.

15.  The textbook states on page 580 "Between 1903 and 1908, twelve states passed laws restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. In those same years, twenty-two states banned campaign contributions by corporations, and twenty-four states forbade public officials to accept free passes from railroad."The answer is abolished primary elections so that party leaders could choose candidates, I had said trying to restrict corporations which it states is true because they didn't want power to be freely and wanted it restricted by certain measures. Abolishing leaders would cause the party bosses to loose control and more power, especially since the election was used to restrict the power of candidates.

17. The answer is the influence of political parties was removed from American politics by 1912 which isn't true because their is still an influence of American politics from the Democratic and Republican parties. It is true that many progressive-era innovations are still effective today because it is an except question this is wrong. The innovations today like social and economic reforms still affect the American society today. textual support

20. The textbook states on page 568 "Among the first people to articulate the new spirit of reform were crusading journalist who become to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political injustices." The answer is crusading journalists because the Muckrakers are progressive journalist that expose secrets. It can't be "the 1%" because book never discusses a one percent and we don't know what that one percent is.

21. The textbook states on page 577, "[...] others a part of the new middle class--- were taking a growing interest in government." The answer was that they didn't want the parties to control the government, which in the beginning they were viewing it as vulgar and did not want to get involved with politics or any form of government. But in the end they decided to because if they had not they would loose and power and control to the government and the whole country was trying to regulate the power the government held.

22. The textbook states on page 580, "[...] "laboratory of progressivism." Under his leadership the Wisconsin progressives won approval of direct primaries, initiatives, and referendums." The answer is Wisconsin because it was the state and location where this process was created and started in by Robert M. La Follette. I had said the answer was New Jersey.

23. The textbook states on page 568 , "The growing outrage at social and economic injustice helped produce many reformers committed to the pursuit of social injustice." That was the answer because it explains the Social Gospel by the movements of churches that defined this injustice. i had said the answer was it had made no difference in the way the government regulate laws and people because it did especially with inequality of both social and economically, which is false.

WWII Notes

Edith Wharton Becomes First Women to Win Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Mrs. Wharton’s Femininity Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, July 26, 1914

• Description of gender roles and how gender affects the way the author talks about the character in the novel and how the character is influenced by the author 
• Mrs. Wharton’s feminine influence
• Article depicts and takes apart all reasoning why Mrs. Wharton displayed characters that way and the settings blaming it in “femininity”

Xingu, And Other Stories by Edith Wharton Lexington Herald - Kentucky, Lexington, November 19, 1916

• Criticizing her stories in some way

Edith Wharton’s New Novel Springfield Republican - Massachusetts, Springfield, April 29, 1900

• “It would have been hard to find a better model for the refined, analytic and subtle form of fiction to which Mrs. Wharton has devoted herself, and she has happily turned aside from the vagaries and obscurities of her exemplar, so that if her writing is never so brilliant as that of Mr. James at his best, it is also never so bad as his can be at its worst. This is a minor tale, slight in theme and depending for success upon its delicate portraiture and its psychology, but it suffices to show that a new American novelist has come, who may be trusted to continue the fine and fastidious traditions of a school of American fiction which had seemed to lack disciples in the younger generation.”
• Shows more of her accomplishments of her story and not criticizing it like the past articles have done probably because of gender roles

American Author is Discounted Gertrude Atherton Attacks Edith Wharton’s Claim to Fame Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, May 06, 1906

• Gertrude Atherton against Wharton 
• Gertrude slanders Wharton because “hail her because she is a “society” novelist”
• She sees her as a fake person 

Should She Own Her Child? Edith Wharton in Red Book Magazine Philadelphia Inquirer - Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, January 22, 1922

• The Age of Innocence won Joseph Pulitzer Prize 
• I highly esteemed rating in this special magazine that makes it more significant and praises Wharton’s progress

Best Sellers Yield Big Fortunes for Their Clever Authors Edith Wharton Zane Grey, Harold Bell

Baltimore American - Maryland, Baltimore, February 20, 1921

• Novels “has reached the top”
• Made a lot of money for Age of Innocence and House of Mirth
• Talk about her being a women and the right to serve the amount an omen and fame that she is being recognized for

Wharton Novel Stirs Europe Duluth News-Tribune - Minnesota, Duluth, February 27, 1921

• The Age of Innocence 
• “England has awakened to the fact that these are active days among the American novelist and is welcoming “The Age of Innocence” as the fine flower of our literary effort. James Douglas in the Sunday Express, for example, opens his review by the statement, “Edith Wharton is, of course, the greatest American novelist now living.” All these English reviewers dwell on Mrs. Wharton’s expert literary craftsmanship, on her subtle irony, on the splendid story she has to tell.”

The War and the Authors Montgomery Advertiser - Alabama, Montgomery, June 19, 1921

• “the great war produced no great literature”
• “two greatest American novels since the war, greatest in point of popularity at least, are Main Street, by Sinclair Lewis, and The Age of Innocence, by Edith Wharton, both disassociated form the war, and both novels of manners and customs.”
• There was no presence of important influential literature during wartime 

WWI Poster Analysis

1. Propaganda is advertisement or representing and trying to sell or show something important.

2. Propaganda can be defined as ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

3. My set is set 6.

4. From Propaganda 1 I notice the headlines "Remember Your First Thrill of American Liberty" and "YOUR DUTY- Buy United States Government Bonds 2nd Liberty Loan of 1917" shows how much this propaganda's role as an advertisement is to sell the bonds and persuade the readers by the photo and showing New York City and the Statue of Liberty. I t tries to show that the duty of Americans and persuade them that it is a good thing to buy bonds and that it will help the well being of the US especially when talking towards New York City the main and first city you would think of when you think of the United States. 

From Propaganda 2 it shows"For You- They Are Giving Their Lives Over There" and "For Them- You Must Give Every Cent You Can Spare" which is again trying to make people donate to the cause and give their money open handedly to people helping protect them during WWI. In Propaganda 2 the first thing that catches my eye is the red cross, it can be interpreted as the aid provided by the US. I also feel that it is interesting that the person in the photo is dressed in an American flag. Her left hand is pointing to something in the distance and her right hand shows the motion that wants the viewer to follow. In my opinion this shows that they are welcoming the help of the United States.

 From Propaganda 3 it illustrates in writing "Must Children Die and Mothers Plead In Vain" and "Buy More Liberty Bonds" which again it is trying to sell the bonds and sell the American ideal within this propaganda.  She is holding her children tightly, like she is protecting them from being sent away to war, like they are against getting them sent to war showing the United States understands but still wants volunteers so the war can be successful for America.  Having and showing a sense of fear.

5. All of the artist I saw a common goal of trying to persuade Americans to do something for the good f the country especially by giving their money to the cause of the war. The artist are trying to make the viewers have sense of feeling sorry for the people away at war keeping them safe making them want to enlist or donate to the cause to save their country form the dreadful war. 
For the 1st Propaganda I see the artist trying to sell the bonds and showing the major influence New York City and its imperial city has to make an effect.

2nd Propaganda showed a little bit of open hands and showing that people should give and the author is trying to make the viewers to have more feelings or stronger for America to give and talking about what the soldiers are doing for them.

3rd Propaganda shows a women in need which the artist is trying to portray pity and need for more money in the economy.

6. The artists' assumptions about the audience was targeted toward the wealthier group of the United States because of its constant need to ask for money on every Propaganda. Not only the wealthier side but the middle class could also donate much of the money that could benefit the war and they would be more willing to give it than the upper class. The artist is trying to have moe pity and self-worth for the people.

7. The idea of the federal government spending tax dollars to create a propaganda campaign to convince you of something is a waste of money that we use to make more beneficial changes that are effectual to the well being of the people of the society are better.

8. Federal government debt it was necessary because they actually needed and were desperate for the money because they needed it for supplies for all soldiers of the war.

Propaganda 1

Propaganda 2

Propaganda 3

Overarching Thesis

Reformers and public figures promoted changing views/attitudes about health/fitness.

People started to have new expectations about the role of government in promoting higher standards for society.

People taking measures to protect themselves from new threats/modern issues.

Innovations in transportation allowed people to move around in new ways

All-encompassing wave of reform included a variety of strategies to attack problems of all kinds.

Innovations brought improvements and provoked new fears/anxieties, many of which turned out to be unfounded.

Thesis: Innovations of the Progressive Era had many beneficial and harmful factors towards progressing on. The  advantages of transportation, health advancements, and roles in society had also caused fears, issues to the future, and unsuccessful reforms. 

Answers Multiple Choice

1. A
2. B
3. A

Multiple Choice Questions for Progressive Era

1. All different types of Progressivism reform affected the Era EXCEPT

1. Antimonopoly had constrained the power the government possessed over the people and state
2. People in the society were inter-related by social groups, within those groups every person’s prosperity relied on the community’s wealth and progress 
3. Knowledge was a leading factor in Progressivism and practiced the different types of science
4. A government that is refurbished to having a part in change of developing and fixing the society
5. Social reforms had made the people believe more in the natural laws, laissez faire, and Social Darwinism

2. All Progressives during the Progressive Era believed in all EXCEPT

1. Community still needed improvement and progress 
2. Believed in the natural laws, laissez faire, and Social Darwinism
3. Economic and socialist reforms were needed in societies
4. Progress was key to having continuous expansion and increase
5. Manifest Destiny had many people believing that their society could grow and progress in the nineteenth century

3. Why Woman Suffrage was one of the most important reform movements of the Progressive Era?

1. Proclaimed “natural rights” meaning that both genders should be equal in all aspects of life
2. Racial segregation and less rights to black women rather than white women
3. Women having a free space and open area where they don't have to define gender roles or have dominance over their time
4. Allowing women money or a “pension” for children or themselves
5. The competition between men and women and always having dominance over their gender

Living Essay about Progressivism

I worked with Avani and Hunter about connecting the Brooklyn Bridge, invention of Coca-Cola, and the Prohibition Act during the Progressive Era. We connected the dangers of each innovation during that time and also the successful benefits of the projects, and the thesis and conclusion are below.

Thesis: In the Progressive Era, the Brooklyn Bridge was built, Coca-Cola was invented, and the Prohibition act was passed. All of these innovations had advantages but came along with harmful dangers to society.

Conclusion: The Brooklyn Bridge promised to create a new form of transportation for many people and succeeded to help economically as well. The invention of Coca-Cola created commercial expansion for society and a basis for other soft drink companies to build off of. Lastly, the act of Prohibition was a practice for law enforcement, but didn’t help regulate alcohol consumption as a whole. While these new innovations brought fears, most of them were exaggerated.